INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

Universal BUSINESS - Essay Example As indicated by the contextual analysis, China was an appealing area for Motorola organization because of its enormous size, as such the organization set out to enter the Chinese market through setting up an office for its items before the approach of versatile handsets. As versatile handsets picked up prevalence, Motorola focused on assembling the handsets and selling them in the Chinese market. This turned into an enormous accomplishment in the midst of China’s troublesome social and world of politics. Motorola turned into a market head in the Chinese handset advertise by mid 2000s. This achievement can be owed to the company’s comprehension of the market just as the requirements of the individuals. Be that as it may, because of popularity of cell phones, different organizations began to make and sell cell phones and as such decreased Motorola’s piece of the pie. This is the reason examiners demonstrated distrust in the proceeded with strength of Motorola in th e Chinese market. Globalization is the relentless joining of business sectors, country states, and advancements in a way that is empowers people, companies and country states to stretch far and wide further, quicker, more profound, and less expensive than at any other time (Griffin and Pustay, 2010). The principle inspiration driving Motorola’s passage in to the Chinese market in the late 1980’s was because of solid rivalry the organization was encountering at home. There was have to search for business somewhere else other than America. The market had gotten soaked and the expense of creation was going higher, in this way making less deals and benefits. The best arrangement was to move a portion of its assembling office to China. This was an undiscovered market with a great deal of potential for the items Motorola was assembling and selling. Motorola in this manner built up an office that spoke to its items in 1987 and utilized more than 600 individuals to sell the items. The contextual investigation says that later in mid 1990’s, Motorola China gadgets was opened also

Learning Intention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Learning Intention - Essay Example I attempt to envision the different occasions that I should experience, for example, conveying verbal directions, utilizing showing helps or different assets so as to increase the learning procedure. In a to some degree comparable way, the instructor must be touchy to what ideas and substance is conveyed in the class. Current homerooms are multiracial, multilingual and gangs various ethnicities and financial foundations. The individual personality of every understudy in class must be protected by giving cautious consideration to the conveyed content. Moreover the instructor should likewise stay up to date with student’s learning by checking it. It is frequently lumbering for me to screen every individual understudy in my group so I use gatherings to survey how well every understudy in class is doing. So as to represent an increasingly inventive showing position, I make different theories identifying with understudy conduct, instructional medium and style and test them out both subjectively and quantitatively as appropriate. This permits me to become familiar with understudies and their styles of learning (Hattie, 2012). Above everything else, being an educator I show the most extreme regard for all individuals from the school including staff, understudies and personnel. The instructor needs to extend a neighborly character that is warm and welcoming for understudies with the goal that they can take figuring out how to an increasingly close to home

Delivering Project Goals And Objectives By Day-To-Day Activities - 1925 Words

Delivering Project Goals And Objectives By Day-To-Day Activities (Coursework Sample) Content: Project Management Name Institution Project Management Assessment 2 A project manager is tasked with the responsibility of delivering project goals and objectives by making sure that the day-to-day activities are run accordingly within schedule and budget ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Wysocki", "given" : "Robert K.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2014" ] ] }, "publisher" : "John Wiley Sons Inc", "title" : "Effective Project Management: Traditional, Agile, Extreme", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=deef6af9-5ae9-35e4-9e09-0b01e3ba6ef4" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Wysocki, 2014)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Wysocki, 2014)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Wysocki, 2014)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" }(Wysocki, 2014). As a project manager, one is expected to carry out the various activities to ensure the project goals are achieved by working together with the project team. A Project team organization chart is a tool a project manager uses to manage the project team. The Project team organization chart is a document which provides detailed information about the structure of the team, the specific roles, and duties of the project team and also provides the organizational structure of the team ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "URL" : "/basics/project-team-organization-project-team-definition-responsibilities-and-roles-and-project-team-organization-chart/", "accessed" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2018", "5", "17" ] ] }, "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Lewinson", "given" : "Mary", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2010" ] ] }, "title" : "Project Team Organization \u2013 Team Definition, Roles amp; Responsibilities, Organizational Chart", "type" : "webpage" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=2ac2eb64-c1e5-3971-b85e-ef 8c4c53b1c5" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Lewinson, 2010)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Lewinson, 2010)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Lewinson, 2010)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" }(Lewinson, 2010). The chart also provides information on how each team member is supposed to interact with each other in terms of hierarchy of authority during the project implementation process. As a project manager I would use this chart to ensure that each team member knows their roles and duties and what is expected of them to achieve the project goals. A team charter is another document I would use also to provide support to my team members with regard to the quality of the expected outcomes of the project and ensure that documented time lines are met. A team charter is a document that outlines the goals of the project, purposes and responsibilities of each team member and how to relate with each member ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Persily", "given" : "Cynthia Armstrong", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2013" ] ] }, "publisher" : "Springer Publishing Company", "publisher-place" : "New York", "title" : "Team Leadership and Partnering in Nursing and Health Care", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=555c8c9e-81c9-359b-8f5b-a68f85a2f3f5" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Persily, 2013)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Persil y, 2013)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Persily, 2013)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" }(Persily, 2013). The team charter also gives guidelines to the team members on communication, reporting and the processes of decision-making. A project manager is supposed to make sure that financial record keeping associated with the project is maintained and checked for accuracy. As a manager I will ensure that the records are checked and make sure that they are up to date and within the budget of the project. This is done by making sure that financial records are operated from a central place and they are consistent and accurate (Schwartz Wilson, 2011). Staff involved in project is to be trained if they get to be involved in new roles or reassignment to ensure they are privy to what they are doing. To review the project outcomes I will form a review team which will carry out a completion review which determines if all the project deliverables and sign-offs are done as per the project plan and within the scope (Briscoe, Baccineli Chambers 2000). I will also make sure the team members are involved in the face-to-face interviews with the Review Team QA analyst. As a project manager I will make a detailed report from notes, observations and findings from the team members as well as financial reports detailing on how me and my project team have met all the deliverables within the project scope and plan. The project report is in form of a summary of all the different activities in the project. Assessment 3- Written Assessment Project Management Tools There are different tools used in project management: Gantt Chart- This is a bar chart that keeps record of tasks in a project across time and shows the when and in what order tasks are to be performed ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "URL" : "/project-management-tools.php", "accessed" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2018", "5", "17" ] ] }, "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Haughey", "given" : "Duncan", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "0" ] ] }, "title" : "Project Management Tools", "type" : "webpage" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=08b8c15c-dddd-3338-a99c-3c3b20d24c42" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Haughey, n.d.)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Haughey, n.d.)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Haughey, n.d.)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" }(Haughey, n.d.). Product Breakdown Structure (PBS) - This is a graphical tree structure representation of different components that contribute to project deliverable and is used to clarify the deliverables of the project. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) – WBS is a detailed graphical representation of the project scope in parts a project team can understand. Under each scope there is the work involved and the budget allocated for the specific activity. Project Management Software Applications Different software applications are today used in different project management stages ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "URL" : "/project-management-software/#infographic", "accessed" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2018", "5", "17" ] ] }, "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Capterra", "given" : "", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2018" ] ] }, "title" : "Best Project Management Software and Tools | 2018 Reviews of the Most Popular Systems", "type" : "webpage" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=65941202-90f9-375b-9a35-d59f6a0de46d" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Capterra, 2018)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Capterra, 2018)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Capterra, 2018)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" }(Capterra, 2018): * Microsoft Project * Basecamp * Project Manager 3 Common Standards in Project Schedule Maintenance * Fast tracking a schedule * Crashing a schedule * Compressing a schedule Creating a Project Methodology A project methodology is a standardized well documented collection of the different activities, project management tools and an outline used for managing a particular project ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Whitaker", "given" : "Sean", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "The Professional Project Manager", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2014" ] ] }, "title" : "How to Build Your Own Project Management Methodology", "type" : "chapter" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=d72a921d-8a5e-3071-9f71-c62f786c55fe" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Whitaker, 2014)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Whitaker, 2014)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Whitaker, 2014)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" }(Whitaker, 2014). A project methodolo gy is the basis of working to deliver the project deliverables. A project methodology is an indicator of the project scope or size, the difficulty and the industry of the project. The project methodology should be simple and clear and easily understood by all team members. A methodology should be used to tailor the processes, tools and techniques suitable for the particular project. Thus, a project methodology should be flexible enough to be tailored into any project. Four Internal and External Documents and Sources Used in Project Parameter Definition Internal * Work Breakdown structure * Number of team members * Budget allocated * Product Breakdown structure External * Research papers of similar projects * Risks involved * Software app...

Automotive Advertising and Masculinity Essay - 2364 Words

Automotive Advertising: Fueling Masculinity since Forever There has always been the clichà © of gender roles in toddlers that girls play with dolls and boys play with tools and cars. Is that what is expected of children of each sex, or do adults not know any better? When my male cousin was born when I was sixteen, the baby was showered with gifts of plastic screwdrivers, wrenches, saws, Bob the Builder accessories, and of course--toy cars. Why do we have this preoccupation that little boys--who in turn become men—have the desire for model cars? Since Karl Benz designed a practical car with an internal combustion engine in 1885, cars have been deemed the toy for boys. In Benz’s time, automobiles were considered a gentleman’s luxury; they†¦show more content†¦Models and advertising campaigns of the past and present for automobiles are designed to generate an appeal to men through fueling masculinity. The use of â€Å"manliness† in ads attracts consumers because of the history of automobiles going hand in hand with the male sex. From infancy to old age, cars are considered the ultimate boy toy, and thus the usage of sexual appeal to fuel masculinity is the main tool of car advertisements. Currently, the car world sees tuner cars as the ultimate toy for grown-up kids. A tuner car is one that usually is produced in Asia such as Toyota and Mitsubishi that can be bought for a cheap amount and then â€Å"tuned† with certain parts to be more powerful and fast. These tuner cars are also notorious for having the most provocative ads and magazine features in which women are shown in sexually appealing ways. In one ad for Import Tuner magazine, a crimson Nissan sports car is parked on asphalt with the beach in the background. Seen from the front, the aggressive stance of the Nissan is accented by the white sand and grove of palm trees to the right of the ad. Yet, the focus of this advertisement is not on the name of the magazine, or even the automobile which the magazine is covering. I n the middle of the page, a young model is posing on the hood of the car. Dressed to leave little to the imagination, she stares seductively into the aperture of the camera. A flagrant use of sexual appeal to sell a magazine is common in such adShow MoreRelatedEssay on Advertising in the Automotive Industry1511 Words   |  7 PagesThe Automotive Media: Last Bastion of Sanity in the World of Political Correctness Welcome to the automotive world, the last holdout in the battle against political correctness. This is one of the few places left where one can make a statement about women and men and not be assaulted with court cases or be accused of being a bigot. In the automotive media, it is still acceptable to represent men in business suits driving luxury vehicles, and to show mothers driving their kids in a minivan. ThereRead MoreWomen And Women Are Like Dogs1544 Words   |  7 Pageswomen are like cats.† Most people are familiar with these expressions to convey differences between the genders. Advertisers capitalize on the fact that men and women are different in order to persuade individuals to consume products and services. Advertising is an important medium in modern society and is used to influence many of the purchasing decisions made by male and female consumers. It is a powerful tool that expresses, develops and alters ideas of gender and social class. Since people identify Read MoreAnalysis : Holden And Chevy Silverado 2500hd. Product Analysis Essay1979 Words   |  8 Pagesconducted on how males, automotive and nature are often seen and used in advertisement. An understanding of social and political views will be discussed in conjunction with the common consumerism view in different advertisement. â€Å"Signs may take the form of words, images, sounds odours, flavours, acts, objector camera angles† (Danesi, 202, p. 31). Retrieved from Pelin and Banu (2015) or â€Å"Paradigmatic and syntagmatic analysis are, also, applied to textual and visual signs in the automotive ads, in order toRead MoreAdvertisements Built Ford Tough969 Words   |  4 Pageswhom they are attempting to reach. From new technological gadgets to old-fashioned tools, the advertisers know what will be attractive to the reader, and to the readers wallet. Of these advertisers, the most popular by far have been those from the automotive industry. The Ford Motor Company has chos en to strategically advertise within the pages of this magazine on numerous occasions and with various ads that were meant to lure new customers into buying Ford vehicles. It is interesting to notice thatRead MoreConsultancy Report7600 Words   |  31 Pagesmore quickly. The automotive industry is the most important economic sector in Germany and belongs to Europe’s single car market. It spends around â‚ ¬21 billion annually for automotive Ramp;D to develop new environmentally friendly technologies making it the most innovative car nation in the world. In 2007, it was the leader with 1,775 patents for transportation technologies and had over 32 innovative clusters in areas related to the automotive area. In 2009, the automotive sector recorded a turnoverRead MoreBmw Case Study12111 Words   |  49 Pagesshaped the organisation through its design, architecture, advertising and most importantly the essence of the BMW brand. For consumers, brands can be one of the deciding factors during a purchase. This importance placed on the visual image of the company is an element BMW have always taken for the utmost importance and is an element at the core of this dissertation. 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Global advertising  ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ · 53 Approaches to international advertising  ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·54 Global media decisions  ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ · 54 Sales promotion  ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·55

What s A True Hero - 856 Words

What s a True Hero is? A true hero is someone with courage and bravely to go beyond in order to help someone, because as a child to an adult it’s a very different view point and Joseph Campbell help us understand what it takes to be a true hero. For many years, many people have used the word hero for many situations that doesn t particularly consider being a hero. If we Google the definition for the word hero; A man of distinguished courage or ability, admired for his brave deeds and noble qualities (Hero, n.d). In some cases this particular example of someone is being nice and trying to do a good deed for someone. For them it might be an act of heroic but there is something to think about. Did they have to be out of the comfort zone to do the act? Did they have to face their fear to do the act? This are some questions that one might ask what are true hero is. A true hero is someone with courage and brave to go beyond in order to help someone What a hero is for others? A hero for a child would be very different from an adult. When one is a kid he or she only know the basic what a hero is: which is that hero helps or saves people. As he or she get older one start adding more characteristic of what a hero is. Not only it will be that someone who saves or helps people, but it will be someone will go above everything to help someone. In a research, White and O Brien asked 520 students from kindergarten to Twelfth grade by having them answer question about what s a heroShow MoreRelatedHuck Finn, a Journey946 Words   |  4 PagesHuck Finn The Hero#8217;s Journey Joseph Campbell describes a hero#8217;s journey as a cycle where the person is a hero from birth. This holds true for the character of Huck Finn because he fits the description of a hero in the book Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. There are different parts of the hero#8217;s journey that can be applied to Huck, such as the first stage which is known as the Innocent World of Childhood. A stage further on in the journey is the Initiation while the last stageRead MoreThe Importance Of A Hero796 Words   |  4 Pageswhen the hero within us is revealed ¨- Bob Riley. In other words, you are not born a hero, doing what you think is right in bad situations is what makes you a hero and makes a hero shed their true skin. Although most people think that a hero has a cape and tights, that is not always true because a hero can be anywhere or anyone. What really makes someone a hero is doing whats right to insure the safety and well being of others. What is a hero? As stated in Kendra Cherry ´s article, A hero is someoneRead MoreIs Odysseus A True Hero1352 Words   |  6 PagesMccann Mrs.Carroll English 01 February 2016 Is Odysseus A True Hero In the story The Odyssey the main character Odysseus is not a true hero. A man with so much hatred and anger should not be someone to hold to a high prestige, or want to be. The needless killing and disrespect to other people s wishes is not part of what a hero should be, or is to endanger the people that he is in charge of. This is why odysseus is not a true hero. â€Å"A favorable wind brought us from the land of Troy to theRead MoreEssay about The True Tragic Hero of Creon in Sophocles Antigone1621 Words   |  7 PagesThe True Tragic Hero of Creon in Sophocles Antigone There has always been a great debate over who is the true tragic hero in Sophocles Antigone. Many scholars would stake claim to Antigone possessing all the necessary characteristics of a true tragic hero, but many others would argue that Creon holds many qualities as well. It is hard to discount Antigone as a tragic hero, because in fact, the play bears her name, but from careful reading, Creon meets Aristotles criteria exactly and fitsRead MoreThe Hero With A Thousand Faces1284 Words   |  6 Pages Analysis of Beowulf In his book The Hero with a Thousand Faces, first published in 1949, esteemed American mythologist Joseph Campbell outlines the fundamental structure every archetypal hero follows during his or her journey in the world of mythologies. Campbell coined the term â€Å"monomyth to describe the stories that follow this structure. The monomythic cycle, commonly referred to as The Hero s Journey, is divided into three primary sections known as the Departure, Fulfillment, and ReturnRead MoreBeowulf As A Hero910 Words   |  4 PagesWhy We Need Heros A hero, â€Å"a person noted for courageous acts or nobility of character†(â€Å"Hero†). A hero shows much more than honor and glory, they sacrifice their own life to selflessly help out the lives of others. By having heroes it gives us hope, wisdom, and justice throughout the nation. The three main types of heroes include an epic hero, superhero, and your own personal hero. These heroes show that it s more than the cape or armour they wear, they show the true meaning of a hero by definingRead MoreThe Hero S Journey1352 Words   |  6 Pagesto get to know the Hero and identify with him before the Journey begins. This step refers to the hero s normal life at the start of the story. Next, is the ‘Call to Adventure’ and the hero is faced with something that makes him start his adventure. This might be a problem or a challenge he needs to overcome. Following that step is ‘Refusal of the Call‘; when the hero attempts to refuse the adventure because he is afraid. After that is ‘Meeting the Mentor’ which is where the hero encounters someoneRead MoreMy First Military Institute At Fort Sam Houston1164 Words   |  5 Pagessacrifice to defend our country s freedom. I recall asking myself â€Å"What is a hero? And what it symbolizes in our modern world?† and â€Å"What does a hero look like?†, my vision of a hero as a kid included a cartoon character with superpowers wearing a cape, Instead as I stared at a young Army Sergeant, burned beyond recognition sitting on wheelchair, unable to walk as he lost both limbs while in combat, That is when I recall asking myself again, â€Å"What is a hero?† The term hero com es from the Ancient GreeksRead MoreOdysseus as an Epic Hero859 Words   |  4 PagesA true epic hero has many very defining characteristics. Usually you will find this hero to be the ‘alpha male. With an almost super hero personality, epic heroes are extremely above an average human being. This character must be of noble birth, and as a result, this gives them great respect and many resources. There is a deep reverence for the gods and this helps the hero through tough times. An epic hero is bravery than the other characters. They are willing to take bigger risks and reap greaterRead MoreAre Athletes Heroes? Essay1166 Words   |  5 Pagesones= feats or achievements. While researching this topic, I have found that there are numerous ways to describe a hero. What makes a hero? I have determined in my opinion, that the word Ahero@ consists of ones accomplishments, actions or service that leads to the betterment of others. From my definition of the word, exceptional athletes do have the potential to be heroes. The word hero has been used broadly for many years. The word has found different variations of its meaning throughout a time

I Like Pop Music Essay Example For Students

I Like Pop Music Essay As an introduction, we want to say that  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœpop’ is an acronym that means ‘popular music.’ At present, the majority of ‘melomaniacs’ tend to know the names of Adele, Lady Gaga, Taylor Swift, Zayn, Katy Perry, Rihanna, Shakira, and the other successful singers. That is the main reason why pop music is considered to be one of the most best-selling genres across the whole world. Pop music is one of the much-loved music genres since it may satisfy the ears of everyone. The important thing that should be mentioned is the fact that this particular style of music tends to change over time in an attempt to adjust to the needs and expectations of every succeeding generation of the mainstream listeners. Regarding the relevant evidence supporting the previous statement, let’s imagine that we have shifted to the period of the 1950s, and then, we get back to the realities of the 21st century. After such an interesting mental reproduction of the history of American culture, we have a chance to analyze the genre of pop music by comparing its expression during two different historical periods of the United States. While the period of the 1950s is known for the rock ’n’ roll America’s greatest revolution, at present, the mainstream pop music sounds  and ideas  tend to be considered homogenous. Evolution of Pop Music The 1950s This period is regarded as the birth of rock’n’roll. The representatives of pop music genre, who performed during the 1850s, were Johnnie Ray, Guy Mitchell, and Frankie Laine. One of the most remarkable ‘pop’ artists was Elvis Presley, who started his career in 1953. The 1960s Taking into consideration the history of the world’s trends, we can conclude that the 1960s may be characterized by the invasion of English pop rock band ‘The Beatles’ into the American charts. The 1970s During the 1970s, rock’n’roll became a much-loved genre within American society. As a result, Led Zeppelin and Chicago were very successful music bands. However, rock’n’roll was not the only genre that managed to raise its popularity. In the same vein, disco was another genre. The 1980s In the 1980s, the popularity of pop music went off the scale. This particular period is known for the artists who created a genuine revolution in the world of music. The list of artists includes Michael Jackson, Madonna, and Whitney Houston. The 1990s The 1990s is a period represented by Backstreet Boys, Spice Girls, Britney Spears, and the others. The 2000s That is a type of conclusion era of the 2000s ensures everyone that music can go anywhere. In particular, this genre is considerably popular among teenagers. In accordance with the recent statistics, â€Å"On average, American youth listen to music and watch music videos four to five hours a day, which is more time than they spend with their friends outside of school or watching television.† Classification of Pop Music Although pop music represents the independent and self-sufficient musical style, it may be classified by the country of its origin. Hence, taking into consideration the modern trends in the world of music, we may specify three main ‘pop’ categories – American, Korean, and Chinese pop music. American Pop Music First of all, freedom and nature are the two main topics of American ‘pop’ culture. The artists, who represent this particular music genre, may perform either individually or in a music band. American pop music has a distinguishing characteristic that is related to the rhythm, one of the key elements of musical composition. Korean Pop Music Korean pop music, or K-pop, has fast rhythm and strong beats. In most cases, K-pop lyrics are repetitive, easy to understand, and easy to remembers as well. One of the most interesting features of this particular genre of music is great attention to flashy stage performances. .u67bd80b70fe37d9243d29dad9904a703 , .u67bd80b70fe37d9243d29dad9904a703 .postImageUrl , .u67bd80b70fe37d9243d29dad9904a703 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u67bd80b70fe37d9243d29dad9904a703 , .u67bd80b70fe37d9243d29dad9904a703:hover , .u67bd80b70fe37d9243d29dad9904a703:visited , .u67bd80b70fe37d9243d29dad9904a703:active { border:0!important; } .u67bd80b70fe37d9243d29dad9904a703 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u67bd80b70fe37d9243d29dad9904a703 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u67bd80b70fe37d9243d29dad9904a703:active , .u67bd80b70fe37d9243d29dad9904a703:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u67bd80b70fe37d9243d29dad9904a703 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u67bd80b70fe37d9243d29dad9904a703 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u67bd80b70fe37d9243d29dad9904a703 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u67bd80b70fe37d9243d29dad9904a703 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u67bd80b70fe37d9243d29dad9904a703:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u67bd80b70fe37d9243d29dad9904a703 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u67bd80b70fe37d9243d29dad9904a703 .u67bd80b70fe37d9243d29dad9904a703-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u67bd80b70fe37d9243d29dad9904a703:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Childhood Memories EssayChinese Pop Music The Chinese prefer to listen to gentle songs rather than rap and fast songs  paragraphs. Hence, the rhythm of Chinese pop music is slow and gentle. Interesting Facts About the Genre of Pop Music # The earliest pop songs and sounds composed in the pop music style reminded the sentimental and melodious sounding of the romantic ballads. # Probably, you did not pay significant attention to the use of numerous beats and rhythms in different pop melodies. These sound effects are mainly used in order to make all the listeners of a mainstream pop music dance and enjoy their time. # Up to the present, it is still unknown who invented the genre of pop music. However, almost everyone knows that the word ‘pop’ was firstly used in 1926 in order to mention a unique style of music with a popular appeal. # During the 1920s, the Americans had an opportunity to attend a significant number of different music events. The history of these particular recordings is often regarded as a birth of the currently existing industry of pop music. # At the end of the twentieth century, the notion of ‘pop music’ was frequently used as a certain opposition to the concept  and outline  of ‘rock music.’ # The very first mentions of pop music are mainly associated with the United Kingdom. # At present, the genre of pop music is regarded as one of the much-loved music styles in the United States and in Great Britain. Hence, many pop songs, as well as the various mainstream melodies, tend to dominate the charts of both countries. Big-League Pop Music Quotes â€Å"You see Michelangelo and Picasso, and you read literature. I had some innate inchoate yearning for that, but I never really saw where I would fit in. That’s called art. And then something happened to pop music, which is that it became art under the hand of the Beatles, the Stones, and Bob Dylan and some other people†.  ©Ã‚  David Chase â€Å"Soul was the music made by and for black people. For most of the Sixties it was thoroughly divorced from the analysis of white popular music, but by the end of the decade several artists with their roots firmly in both soul and RB traditions had crossed over.†  © Jon Landau â€Å"When youre a young person, the solace one can get from popular music is something I just have a tremendous example of nostalgia for, affection for. I still have it.†  © Greg Motola â€Å"Amy Winehouse changed pop music forever; I remember knowing there was hope, and feeling not alone because of her. She lived jazz; she lived the blues.†  © Lady Gaga â€Å"God bless pop music, and God bless MTV.†  © Lady Gaga

The Secret Sharer Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Secret Sharer Essay, Research Paper # 8220 ; The Secret Sharer # 8221 ; The short narrative # 8220 ; The Secret Sharer # 8221 ; by Joseph Conrad centres around a character of a sea captain who is insecure and has great feelings of insufficiency on his fist occupation as Captain of a ship. In the narrative the Captain befriends a fleeting by the name of Legatt who is clearly shown to be a figment of the Captains imaginativeness instead than an existent homo being. The rubric of the narrative entirely suggests that the # 8220 ; secret partaker # 8221 ; is an fanciful friend that is close and that the Captain can portion his ideas with. The Captains feelings of insufficiency and his insecurities leave an empty infinite in him, which he fills by conceive ofing his # 8220 ; secret partaker # 8221 ; . Legatt helps the Captain get the better of his feelings of insufficiency and his frights and helps the Captain go a good leader and the adult male he ever wanted to be. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Sharer Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is the Captains first occupation at being the captain of a ship and he feels like he is a alien on his ain ship # 8220 ; my place was that of the lone alien on board # 8230 ; I was slightly a alien to myself ( 725 ) . The captain feels more intimidated because he is the lone new individual on board the ship the crew already know each other and the Captain believes they don # 8217 ; Ts like him really much. At this point the Captain is unsteady in his new bid but has good purposes. He keeps anchor ticker one dark, to the amazement of the crew, as a gesture of benevolence. However, his effort toward friendliness serves to estrange the captain even further because his crew is so taken aback by his actions. The Captain demands to demo leading in order to derive regard of his crew, but being his first clip in bid of a ship and being a alien to himself he does non cognize how. When Legatt foremost appears the Captain seems to handle him like a distinguished invitee instead than a fleeting. The Cap tain discovers that they have a few things in common and feels like he has person he can associate to on the ship. He refers to Legatt as his dual legion times because he says they look so much alike. When Legatt foremost enters the ship the Captain gives him a kiping suit indistinguishable to his and it fit him absolutely. Some really great similarities can be seen from this and it appears that the Captain and Legatt are one and the same individual â€Å"One of my custodies, excessively, rested on the terminal of the skylight†¦the strange Captain holding a quiet chat by the wheel with his ain grey ghost† ( 730 ) . This quote suggests that the Captain may be conceive ofing Legatt to hold person on the ship to confide in and non to be the lone alien on the ship. The Captain fells Legatt in his quarters for a few yearss and becomes about inseparable from him, which in bend makes the crew dislike him even more because they perceive him as strange and unpredictable. The bigge st fright the Captain has is the steward happening the â€Å"secret sharer† in his cabin. When the steward comes to clean the Captains cabin Legatt hides in the cupboard sitting really still on a small stool. One twenty-four hours as the Captain tickers Legatt he notices how awkwardly still he is sitting with his caput bowed down the Captain says he looks about cold. The Captain besides refers to Legatt’s motions â€Å"ghostly† many times about as if he isn’t truly there at all. It makes no difference at all to the significance of the narrative whether Legatt is really a existent human being or merely an imaginativeness of the Captain. The Captain still gets his strength and ability to go a good Captain and a good leader through Legatts friendly relationship. Whether or non Legatt truly exists is irrelevant to the significance of the narrative because the Captain become a better individual, finds the assurance he needs and saves his ship to go the hero to his crew through Legatt.

Starbucks India Essay Example

Starbucks India Essay Example Starbucks India Essay Starbucks India Essay Cataracts Is one of the most admired International coffee brands. As Indian economy is growing, Cataracts has sensed business opportunities and has entered through a Joint venture with Data Global Beverages and worked to create best business in India. Business Strategy To Generate Best Business In India: Cataracts is selecting strategy in a systematic manner by opening stores only in prominent locations to attract more consumers and starting with the small business to create best business in India. Giving customers a high quality coffee experience along with comfortable and spacious facility where they could spend their time with rinds and family. According to a research report on coffee chain, Very few of Indian consumers order a beverage to take away with them. Most consumers spend about 45 minutes in a cafe ©, using it as a spot to meet friends and relatives. Target Customers: Cataracts has higher prices as compared to other Coffee shops. As said by a customer (a college students We normally go 3-4 times during a week in coffee shops. Thats why we prefer to go to CDC than Cataracts. But if we have to go once in a month, we might go to Cataracts. Cataracts attracts mostly high class and foreign customers. Very few college students or youngsters go to Cataracts. Promotion And Advertising Strategy To Generate Best Business In India: Cataracts has adopted a unique sampling strategy for the publicity of Its product by distributing free coffee In small cups in front of their outlet to generate best business. Normally coffee is distributed during peak hours, such as during lunch hours. According to a server in Cataracts, We distribute free coffee to make consumers aware of our taste. Normally it is distributed when we have some new coffee. But since we are new in India, we are distributing all the coffees. In summers, we distribute cold coffee and in winters, we distribute hot coffee. Cataracts believe In word of mouth publicity. They believe that a satisfied and happy customer could be the best source of publicity and this could help in generating best business in India. Product Mix: Cataracts offer wide variety of products to Its customers. Ready to eat Items offered by Cataracts can be classified into 2 categories: Drinks: They serve 100 per cent Arabian coffee. All the drinks are prepared in top quality. This is one of the main reasons to create best business in India_ It can be further classified Into 3 sub- disagrees: 1 . Espresso Beverages (Hot or Iced) 2. Production Blended Beverages 3. Non-Coffee Beverages Each category has about 8 to 10 different varieties. Each product is offered to customers In 3 different sizes- short, tall and grand having different prices. Customers also have the option of adding special syrup or shot in their drinks. All the products are served In high quality cleaned and designer cups and glasses. They also have different types of sugars, such as brown sugar, no sugar and regular sugar for different customers. Food: All the food items were of high quality. But they have very less variety in food items which goes up to 6-7 items. Food items include delicious world-class coffee beans. They also sell different varieties of chocolates. Customers could also purchase world-class coffee cups, designer glasses and tea flasks from Cataracts. This business is another source of revenue for Cataracts. Pricing Strategy To Generate Best Business In India: Cataracts do not employ any discount strategy to attract customers. They have positioned themselves in high price segment. All the items in Cataracts are 30-40 per cent costly, if compared from other coffee shops. They believe in providing top quality and service at high prices. Ambiance of Cataracts can be rated highest if compared it to other coffee shops. They change their ambiance with the change in season. This is the main contributor which generates best business in India. They have different ambiance in summer and in winter. Each store is designed specifically. For example, the store in Consonant Place, New Delhi has ropes and carpets on the wall with the pictures of Indian spices. This look makes it very soothing for the eye. Sofas and chairs were very comfortable with enough space to sit. Outlets are so spacious that we could easily walk and move. This was complemented by the soft music soothing to ears. When I visited the store, there were lot of customers in the store, but the place didnt seem crowded because of vast available store space. Stores are designed to give customers a unique experience in Cataracts. They aim to provide world-class facilities to its customers. Cataracts has also emerged as a meeting place for businessmen and entrepreneurs. Attitude often Staff: Staff was very helpful and polite. They were good in communications and in etiquette. There was one dedicated person to help customers find their place. Also there was one extra person at the counter to help customers choose their drink. Behavior of the manager towards employee was also good. Even once, I saw manager picking leftover plates. This reflects their courteousness and good culture. All these factors increase customer loyalty which generates best business opportunities in India. Cataracts also replaces the drink of a customer free of cost, when a customer after tasting his drink finds it not suitable for himself. This sends a positive message towards Cataracts. Prepaid Card Cataracts also offers customers the facility of prepaid card. In which customers can fill any amount and then they can use this card for paying their bills. This card saves customer every time from carrying cash or their debit/credit cards. Recommendations For Generating Best Business In India 1 . They have either one or two stores in a city. Customers have to travel a lot, if they want to have coffee from Cataracts. Instead of traveling, many customers choose to go to other nearby coffee shop. So Cataracts should focus on increasing the number of outlets. This will further help them to generate best business in India. 2. Cataracts should try to give personal attention to each customer to generate best business in India. Cataracts has mostly high class customers and giving them personal attention will increase brand loyalty. 3. To attract more youths, Cataracts should decrease their price. 4. Cataracts has always adopted social media marketing strategy, but in India people are less attached to internet as compared to US and I-J. Therefore Cataracts consumers. 5. Shattuck further needs to identify business opportunities to increase their market share in India.

Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander Australians

The purpose of this report is to evaluate the accessibility, acceptability and availability of public health care services among Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander of Australia. Despite improvements in health technology and the high quality of health services in Australia, this group continues to suffer health inequities. This is evident from high rate of chronic disease among Indigenous Australians. The disparities in health among non-indigenous and indigenous Australians arise from many factors including the difference in socioeconomic status, cultural beliefs, and geographical locations. This is evident from high rate of chronic disease among indigenous Australians. This report explores the barrier to the accessibility of adequate health care services and recommends solutions to improve acceptability of public health care services. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people were the first inhabitants of Australia. They have distinct culture and social tradition separate from general population of Australia. The estimated population of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people was 669,900 or 3% of the total population, the majority of whom resided in New South Wales and Queensland (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2011). They experience health inequity and poor health outcome due to their low socioeconomic status, psychosocial risk factors, poor standard of living and poor geographical location (Markwick, et al., 2014). Structural determinants of health relate to geographical accessibility, income status and affordability and acceptability factors that act as major barriers in access to health services for indigenous people (Germov, 2014, p. 76). Availability of health service means presence of appropriate health care resource relevant to the needs of the population. Equity of access is dependent on income and cultural setting of diverse population groups (Gulliford et al., 2016). Although the standard of health services in Australia is excellent, however the distribution of service is not uniform throughout Australia. As indigenous Australians resides in remote locations, the number of specialist physician decreases due to remoteness (Larkins et al., 2015). In urban areas too, the public health service are concentrated in those areas where people of high socio-economic status resides (Violà ¡n et al., 2014). Economic disadvantage among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people is another cause of inaccessibility to health care services (Aspin et al., 2012, pp. 73-75). The unaffordability of health care services has led to high prevalence of health complex disease conditions such as kidney failure, circulatory disease and its associated comorbidity. For example study by (McDonald, 2013, pp. 170-173) revealed that current health disadvantage like kidney problem is linked to social disadvantage among indigenous Australians. The cultural sensitivity of a population is a crucial indicator for determining the level of availability and accessibility of health (Purnell, 2014). It also has impact on health promotion and screening activities (Chalmers et al., 2014, p. 111). Many factors inhibit the acceptability of health services. Firstly, due to their cultural beliefs, indigenous Australians have different concepts and understanding of illness (Thompson et al., 2013, p. 473). Due to lack of awareness and poor knowledge about disease and their morbidity, they avoid primary level of treatment and many chronic disease are diagnosed at later stage of disease (Frey et al., 2013, pp. 519-529). Secondly, reluctance to engage in care because of cultural beliefs has impact on the relation between indigenous people and health professionals. For example culture act as a barrier in effective communication between indigenous patients and health care providers. Such patients are more inclined to traditional method of curi ng disease than depending on scientific health service. Even if they access the service, they have little knowledge about diagnostic process and disease. This leads to conflict between as the expectation of health care providers and patient differs significantly (Dell’Arciprete et al., 2014). Hence instead of approaching health care service, they seek spiritual interventions. This attitude significantly affects the availability and accessibility of preventive health care service (Hunt et al., 2015, pp. 461-467). Lack of cross cultural communication influences the accessibility and acceptability of health service (Germov, 2014). The accessibility and acceptability of care is related to social acceptance of health service according to consumer’s cultural preferences. Many people have different tradition beliefs which act as a barrier in accepting health care service (Dillip et al., 2012). This is evident from the fact many aboriginals reported lack of trust in mainstream health care service because they felt their cultural preferences were not taken into account. Many times language act as a barrier between proper health discussion among indigenous Australians and non-indigenous health professionals (Shahid et al., 2013). Cross cultural miscommunication occurs when health professionals do not understand concerns or gestures of patients and the thought patterns of indigenous people. Due to this gap, therapeutic relationship is compromised and Aboriginal groups do not accept the available health service (Dell’Arciprete et al., 2014). Unavailability of care also occurs due to discrimination of indigenous groups on the basis of their race and poor social position. Racial discrimination significantly lead to deleterious health outcome in indigenous Australians (Cunningham & Paradies, 2013).   Health professional behaviour such as racist attitude, unwelcome comment and evil treatment also influences the indigenous people ability to access and accept mainstream health services (Price & Dalgleish, 2013). Many indigenous patients wanted health professionals to respect their personal choice, cultural preference and autonomy in receiving. But conflict arose due to lack of cultural awareness among health professionals leading to poor patient-physician relationship (Artuso et al., 2013, pp. 193). The health status of a population depends on physical availability of health service structure, their organization and functioning. In case of Aboriginal and Torres Islander people, health service is not uniformly distributed in their area (Willis et al., 2016).  Even if a health service is available, there is shortage of adequate medical staffs to treat disease and illness. Lack of transport is also a factor that hinders their access to care (Nilson et al., 2014, pp. 3394-3405). Due to remoteness of location, many professionals do wish to come to this area and with low-skilled physicians, the overall health outcome among this group is very poor (Durey & Thompson, 2012). Social justice principle is the key to address inequities in health due to social position. This principle enables giving high priority to socially disadvantaged group irrespective of their financial instability.   The uptake can be improved by following the principle of access, equity, rights and participation in social justice (Germov, 2014). After analysing the factors associated with lack of accessibility of mainstream health services in Aboriginal and Torres Islander people, the recommended ways to improve public health services includes the following: The first step is making affordable and high quality service available locally in the area of Aboriginal and Torres Islander people. Arrangement should be made for proper transport facilities to increase the pace of receiving care. Exhibiting flexibility in health care delivery is also important so that the process do not seem burdensome to indigenous groups (Paniagua, 2013). This also follows the right of equality according to social justice principle and by this step health service is distributed to needy person even if they do not the capability to pay for the costly service (Germov, 2014). Health care system also needs to address the cultural incompetence in medical staff through enhancing cultural awareness and developing holistic model of care (Kirmayer, 2012, p. 149). It is necessary to engage more number of indigenous health professionals to promote delivery of culturally safe care. This strategy promotes greater participation amongst Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peo ple and therefore reflects social justice principles (). Health care staff should adopt cultural competence strategy such as understanding of cross-cultural communication style and providing treatment in such a way that their cultural obligation is not denied (Douglas et al., 2014). The disparities in health outcome between indigenous and non-indigenous Australians occur due to lack of accessibility and acceptability of health care services and poor socioeconomic status, cultural beliefs, structural barriers and lack of cross-communication skills. The report brought into focus different issues that act as barrier in seeking care and provided recommendation to improve health care delivery. The main focus should be on adopting culturally appropriate health care service to enhance indigenous people’s trust on medical services.   Artuso, S., Cargo, M., Brown, A., & Daniel, M. (2013). Factors influencing health care utilisation among Aboriginal cardiac patients in central Australia: a qualitative study.  BMC Health services research,  13(1), 1, p. 193. Aspin, C., Brown, N., Jowsey, T., Yen, L., & Leeder, S. (2012). Strategic approaches to enhanced health service delivery for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people with chronic illness: a qualitative study.  BMC Health services research,  12(1), 1, pp. 73-75. Australian Bureau of Statistics. (June 2011). Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, June 2011. Abs.gov.au. Retrieved 9 October 2016, from https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3238.0.55.001 Chalmers, K. J., Bond, K. S., Jorm, A. F., Kelly, C. M., Kitchener, B. A., & Williams-Tchen, A. J. (2014). Providing culturally appropriate mental health first aid to an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander adolescent: development of expert consensus guidelines.  International journal of mental health systems,8(1), p. 111 Doi: 10.1186/1752-4458-8-6. Cunningham, J., & Paradies, Y. C. (2013). Patterns and correlates of self-reported racial discrimination among Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults, 2008–09: analysis of national survey data.  International journal for equity in health,  12(1), 1. Dell’Arciprete, A., Braunstein, J., Touris, C., Dinardi, G., Llovet, I., & Sosa-Estani, S. (2014). Cultural barriers to effective communication between Indigenous communities and health care providers in Northern Argentina: an anthropological contribution to Chagas disease prevention and control.International journal for equity in health,  13(1), 1. Dell’Arciprete, A., Braunstein, J., Touris, C., Dinardi, G., Llovet, I., & Sosa-Estani, S. (2014). Cultural barriers to effective communication between Indigenous communities and health care providers in Northern Argentina: an anthropological contribution to Chagas disease prevention and control.International Journal For Equity In Health,  13(1), 6. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-13-6 Dillip, Angel, Sandra Alba, Christopher Mshana, Manuel W Hetzel, Christian Lengeler, Iddy Mayumana, Alexander Schulze, Hassan Mshinda, Mitchell G Weiss, and Brigit Obrist. 2012. "Acceptability – A Neglected Dimension Of Access To Health Care: Findings From A Study On Childhood Convulsions In Rural Tanzania".  BMC Health Services Research  12 (1). doi:10.1186/1472-6963-12-113. Douglas, M. K., Rosenkoetter, M., Pacquiao, D. F., Callister, L. C., Hattar-Pollara, M., Lauderdale, J., ... & Purnell, L. (2014). Guidelines for implementing culturally competent nursing care.  Journal of Transcultural Nursing, Doi: 10.1177/1043659614520998. Durey, A., & Thompson, S. C. (2012). Reducing the health disparities of Indigenous Australians: time to change focus.  BMC health services research,  12(1), 1. Frey, R., Gott, M., Raphael, D., Black, S., Teleo?Hope, L., Lee, H., & Wang, Z. (2013). ‘Where do I go from here’? A cultural perspective on challenges to the use of hospice services.  Health & social care in the community,  21(5), 519-529. Germov, J. (2014). Second opinion: an introduction to health sociology| NOVA. The University of Newcastle's Digital Repository, 76. Gulliford M, et al. 2016. "What Does 'Access To Health Care' Mean? - Pubmed - NCBI".Ncbi.Nlm.Nih.Gov. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12171751. Hunt, L., Ramjan, L., McDonald, G., Koch, J., Baird, D., & Salamonson, Y. (2015). Nursing students' perspectives of the health and healthcare issues of Australian Indigenous people.  Nurse education today,  35(3), 461-467. Kirmayer, L. (2012). Rethinking cultural competence.  Transcultural Psychiatry,  49(2), 149. Larkins, S., Woods, C. E., Matthews, V., Thompson, S. C., Schierhout, G., Mitropoulos, M., ... & Bailie, R. S. (2015). responses of aboriginal and Torres strait islander Primary health-care services to continuous Quality improvement initiatives.  Frontiers in public health,  3. Markwick, A., Ansari, Z., Sullivan, M., Parsons, L., & McNeil, J. (2014). Inequalities in the social determinants of health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People: a cross-sectional population-based study in the Australian state of Victoria.  International journal for equity in health,  13(1), 1. McDonald, S. P. (2013). End-stage kidney disease among Indigenous peoples of Australia and New Zealand.  Kidney international supplements,3(2), 170-173. Nilson, C., Kearing-Salmon, K. A., Morrison, P., & Fetherston, C. (2015). An ethnographic action research study to investigate the experiences of Bindjareb women participating in the cooking and nutrition component of an Aboriginal health promotion programme in regional Western Australia.  Public health nutrition,  18(18), 3394-3405. Paniagua, F. A. (2013).  Assessing and treating culturally diverse clients: A practical guide. Sage Publications. Price, M., & Dalgleish, J. (2013). Help-seeking among indigenous Australian adolescents: exploring attitudes, behaviours and barriers.  Youth Studies Australia,  32(1), 10. Purnell, L. D. (2014).  Guide to culturally competent health care. FA Davis. Shahid, S., Durey, A., Bessarab, D., Aoun, S. M., & Thompson, S. C. (2013). Identifying barriers and improving communication between cancer service providers and Aboriginal patients and their families: the perspective of service providers.  BMC health services research,  13(1), 460. Thompson, S. L., Chenhall, R. D., & Brimblecombe, J. K. (2013). Indigenous perspectives on active living in remote Australia: a qualitative exploration of the socio-cultural link between health, the environment and economics.  BMC Public Health,  13(1), 473. Violà ¡n, C., Foguet-Boreu, Q., Roso-Llorach, A., Rodriguez-Blanco, T., Pons-Viguà ©s, M., Pujol-Ribera, E., ... & Valderas, J. M. (2014). Burden of multimorbidity, socioeconomic status and use of health services across stages of life in urban areas: a cross-sectional study.  BMC Public Health,14(1), 1. Willis, E., Reynolds, L., & Keleher, H. (Eds.). (2016).  Understanding the Australian health care system. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Professional resume and cover letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Canticle For Leibowitz: Walter Miller :: essays research papers

Canticle For Leibowitz: Walter Miller   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Walter Miller, in the novel A Canticle For Leibowitz, mocks the way we are as humans, particularly in those ways that lead to regressive thinking. The novel pokes fun at the attention to impractical details, such as to the spent copying the Leibowitz blueprints. Miller also mocks humans by describing the inordinate amount of attention and energy given to a spiritual being such as Leibowitz, as today's society worships God. Finally, the most absurd way Miller mocks today's society occurs when he describes how they do not give something very important the considered attention that it deserves. These are three examples how Walter Miller mocks and shows today's society their faults.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Miller mocks the way we are as humans when Francis gives too much attention to impractical details to the Leibowitz blueprints. Brother Francis spends many years copying the blueprints of the circuit design. Francis copies the design so carefully he mistakenly believes the color of the paper is important to the design of the circuit. Francis is set on mindlessly copying the blueprint he does not realize what the circuit design is for, and what is does. Brother Francis thinks regressively. The monks copy out the blueprints, and then do nothing with them. As a society we do the same thing today. In school students copy notes off the blackboard blindly, they do not know what they are copying. Therefore, they do not understand the content.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not only does Miller also poke fun at impractical details, Miller also pokes fun at the way today's society revolves is the importance of a spiritual being such as Leibowitz. Today's society is strongly set on the existence of God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today's society is mocked due to the importance of a spiritual being, like Leibowitz. The monks do not really know who Leibowitz is. All of the information about Leibowitz are only rumors. No concrete evidence surfaced to prove that Leibowitz exists. It is the same in today's society with the belief of God. No proof that God physically exists is evident today. Most people still believe in God spiritually on the other hand. In comparison to the book's society, Leibowitz is their God. When Brother Francis accidently stumbles upon possible genuine evidence of the existence of Leibowitz, they ignore it. The Monks concentrate on the most illogical things. The only thing that they believe is important is a mysterious pilgrim spotted in the desert. The Monks believe that the pilgrim is Leibowitz himself. The Monks are looking past concrete evidence wondering if it is Leibowitz who is seen desert. It seems Canticle For Leibowitz: Walter Miller :: essays research papers Canticle For Leibowitz: Walter Miller   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Walter Miller, in the novel A Canticle For Leibowitz, mocks the way we are as humans, particularly in those ways that lead to regressive thinking. The novel pokes fun at the attention to impractical details, such as to the spent copying the Leibowitz blueprints. Miller also mocks humans by describing the inordinate amount of attention and energy given to a spiritual being such as Leibowitz, as today's society worships God. Finally, the most absurd way Miller mocks today's society occurs when he describes how they do not give something very important the considered attention that it deserves. These are three examples how Walter Miller mocks and shows today's society their faults.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Miller mocks the way we are as humans when Francis gives too much attention to impractical details to the Leibowitz blueprints. Brother Francis spends many years copying the blueprints of the circuit design. Francis copies the design so carefully he mistakenly believes the color of the paper is important to the design of the circuit. Francis is set on mindlessly copying the blueprint he does not realize what the circuit design is for, and what is does. Brother Francis thinks regressively. The monks copy out the blueprints, and then do nothing with them. As a society we do the same thing today. In school students copy notes off the blackboard blindly, they do not know what they are copying. Therefore, they do not understand the content.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not only does Miller also poke fun at impractical details, Miller also pokes fun at the way today's society revolves is the importance of a spiritual being such as Leibowitz. Today's society is strongly set on the existence of God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today's society is mocked due to the importance of a spiritual being, like Leibowitz. The monks do not really know who Leibowitz is. All of the information about Leibowitz are only rumors. No concrete evidence surfaced to prove that Leibowitz exists. It is the same in today's society with the belief of God. No proof that God physically exists is evident today. Most people still believe in God spiritually on the other hand. In comparison to the book's society, Leibowitz is their God. When Brother Francis accidently stumbles upon possible genuine evidence of the existence of Leibowitz, they ignore it. The Monks concentrate on the most illogical things. The only thing that they believe is important is a mysterious pilgrim spotted in the desert. The Monks believe that the pilgrim is Leibowitz himself. The Monks are looking past concrete evidence wondering if it is Leibowitz who is seen desert. It seems

Pressure Measurement and Calibration

52 PRESSURE MEASUREMENT AND CALIBRATION (TH2) 53 EQUIPMENT DIAGRAMS 54 55 56 EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION Refer to the drawing on pages 56, 57 and 58. This equipment is a bench top unit designed to introduce students to pressure, pressure scales and common devices available to measure pressure. The equipment comprises a Dead-weight Pressure Calibrator to generate a number of predetermined pressures, connected to a Bourdon gauge and electronic pressure sensor to allow their characteristics, including accuracy and linearity, to be determined. The Dead-weight Pressure Calibrator, Bourdon gauge and pressure sensor are mounted on a common PVC base plate. The electrical console is free standing. The Dead-weight Pressure Calibrator consists of precision ground piston (10) and matching cylinder (11) with a set of weights (12). In normal use the appropriate combination of weights is applied to the top of the piston, to generate the required predetermined pressure, and then the piston is set spinning, to reduce vertical friction, while the readings from the measuring devices are recorded. The operating range of the Dead-weight Pressure Calibrator and instrumentation is 20 kNm-2 to 200 kNm-2. The Bourdon gauge (5) and pressure sensor (6) are mounted on a manifold block (2) with a priming vessel (4) to contain the hydraulic fluid which is chosen to be water for safety and ease of use. A priming valve (7) between the reservoir and the manifold block allows the cylinder, manifold block and gauge on test to be easily primed with the water ready for use. A damping valve (8) between the cylinder and the manifold block allow the flow f water to be restricted to demonstrate the application of damping. An additional isolating valve (9) on the manifold block allows water to be drained from the manifold block or allows alternative devices to be connected for calibration. Such devices can be tested over the range 20 kNm-2 to 200 kNm-2. The Bourdon gauge (5) supplied is a traditional industrial instrument with rotary scale and mechanical indicator. The gauge has a 6† diameter dial that incorporates an arbitrary scale calibrated in degrees of rotation (independent of unit pressure) in addition to the usual scale calibrated in units of kNm-2. A clear acrylic front face allows observation of the Bourdon tube the mechanism that converts motion of the Bourdon tube to rotation of the indicator needle. The electronic pressure sensor (6) supplied incorporates a semi-conductor diaphragm that deflects when pressure is applied by the working fluid. This deflection generates a voltage output that is proportional to the applied pressure. The pressure sensor should be connected to the socket (20) marked ‘Pressure Sensor’ on the front of the console. The power supply, signal conditioning circuitry etc are contained in a simple electrical console (15) with appropriate current protection devices and an RCD (26) for operator protection. The electrical console is designed to stand alongside the Dead-weight Pressure Calibrator on the bench top. All circuits inside the console are operated by a main on/off switch (16) on the front of the console. 57 The various circuits inside the console are protected against excessive current by miniature circuit breakers, as follows: CONT (27) O/P (28) This breaker protects the power supply and circuits inside the console. This breaker protects the electrical output marked OUTPUT (23) at the rear of the console. The socket is used to power the IFD3 interface used for data logging. The voltage from the pressure sensor is displayed on a digital meter (17) on the electrical console. An additional conditioning circuit incorporates zero and span adjustments and allows the voltage output from the pressure sensor to be converted and displayed as a direct reading pressure meter calibrated in units of pressure. The zero control (21) and span control (22) are mounted on the front of the console for ease of use. A selector switch (18) allows the voltage from the sensor or the direct reading pressure reading to be displayed as required. The voltage from the pressure sensor is simultaneously connected to an I/O Port (19) for the connection to a PC using an optional interface device (TH-IFD) with educational software package (TH2-303). Alternatively, the signal can be connected to a user supplied chart recorder if required. Before use, the priming vessel must be filled with clean water (preferably deionized or demineralised water) and the calibrator, Bourdon gauge and pressure sensor fully primed. 8 OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES This equipment has been designed to operate over a range of pressures from 0 kN/m2 to 200 kN/m2 may damage the pressure sensors. In order to avoid such damage, DO NOT APPLY CONTINUOUS PRESSURE TO THE TOP OF THE PISTON ROD WHEN THE PRIMING VALVE IS CLOSED except by the application of the masses supplied. An impulse may be applied to the piston when operating at a fluid pressure of less than 200 kN/m2. This procedure is described in Experiment P1. The following procedure should be followed to prime the Dead-weight Calibrator and pressure sensors, prior to taking readings: Level the apparatus using the adjustable feet. A circular spirit level has been provided for this purpose, mounted on the base of the dead-weight calibrator. Check that the drain valve (at the back of the Bourdon gauge base) is closed. Fill the priming vessel with water (purified or de-ionized water is preferable). Open the damping valve and the priming valve. With no masses on the piston, slowly draw the piston upwards a distance of approximately 6 cm (i. . a full stroke of the piston). This draws water from the priming vessel into the system. Firmly drive the piston downwards, to expel air from the cylinder back towards the priming vessel. Repeat these two steps until no more bubbles are visible in the system. It may be helpful to raise the central section of the return tube between the manifold block and the priming vessel. This will help to prevent air be ing drawn back into the system as the piston is raised. Raise the piston close to the top of the cylinder, taking care not to lift it high enough to allow ir to enter, and then close the priming valve. The following procedure describes the calibration of the semiconductor pressure sensor. The procedure differs if using the optional TH-303 software, in which case users should instead refer to the Help Text provided with the software. Remove the piston from the cylinder, and switch the selector knob on the console to ‘Pressure’. This the ‘zero’ control on the console until the display reads zero. This sets the first reference point for the sensor calibration. Return the piston to the cylinder, and reprime the system as described above. Place all the supplied masses onto the piston, with the greatest mass (2 ? kg) being added last. This corresponds to an applied pressure of 200 kN/m2. Spin the piston, and adjust the ‘span’ control until the sensor output matches the applied pressure. This sets the second reference point for the calibration. 59 The calibration may be tested by applying a mass to the piston, spinning the piston in the cylinder, and then comparing the applied pressure to the sensor output. Each ? kg of applied mass corresponds to 20 kN/m2 of applied pressure. This piston itself gives an applied pressure of 20 kN/m2. 0 NOMENCLATURE FOR TH2 The following nomenclature has been used for the theory and calculations presented in this manual: Name Piston diameter Cross-sectional area Mass of piston Mass on mass piston Applied mass Acceleration due to gravity Applied force Nom d A Mp Mm Ma g F Units m m? kg kg kg m/s2 kg Type Given Calculated Given Recorded Calculated Given Recorded Definition The diameter of the dead weight calibrator piston. Cross-sectional area of dead weight calibrator cylinder. Mass of the dead-weight calibrator piston. Mass applied to piston. Ma = Mp + Mm g = 9. 1 m/s2 Force applied to fluid in system by piston and masses. F = g x Ma Pressure applied to fluid by dead weight calibrator P = F/A Ambient (atmospheric) pressure of the surroundings. Applied pressure relative to the pressure of total vacuum Needle angle taken from Bourdon gauge scale Semiconductor output taken from console display Gauge pressure taken from Bourdon gauge scale Calibrated semiconductor output taken from console display Applied pressure Barometric pressure Absolute pressure Needle angle Semi-conductor output Indicated Bourdon gauge pressure Indicated semi-conductor pressure Pa Patm Pabs ? e Pb Ps N/m2 N/m2 N/m2 Calculated Recorded Calculated degree Recorded V N/m2 N/m2 Recorded Recorded Recorded 61 NOMENCLATURE FOR ERROR ANALYSIS The following nomenclature has been used for the error analysis presented in this manual: Name Indicated value Actual value Range Definition Gauge reading, i. e. the pressure indicated by sensor used True pressure, pressure applied by dead-weight calibrator Total range of values covered in the results, or total range of values measurable on instrument scale. Calculation Pi = Pb or Ps, depending on the sensor used Actual value = Applied pressure, Pa Range = Largest result – Smallest result = Pi max – Pi min or Range = Maximum possible reading – Minimum possible reading (200 kN/m? for apparatus used) No calculation. Precise data have a small scatter, indicating minimal random error ea = |Pi – Pa | ea max = ? (Pi – Pa)max? e%a = ea max X 100 Pa e%f = ea max X 100 Range Pmin = P1 + P2 + †¦.. + Pn n da = |Pi – Pmin| dm = da1 + da2 + †¦ + dan n ? = da12 + da32 + †¦ + dan2 n-1 ? Precision How closely the results agree with each other. Actual difference Modulus of the difference between indicated value and actual value Accuracy Maximum difference between indicated pressure and actual pressure Percentage accuracy Greatest difference between of actual scale reading indicated pressure and actual pressure, as a percentage of the actual pressure. Percentage accuracy Greatest difference between of full-scale reading indicated pressure and actual pressure, as a percentage of the range. Mean Sum of results divided by number of results. Absolute deviation Difference between a single result and the mean of several results Mean deviation Sum of the absolute deviations divided by the number of absolute deviations Standard deviation Commonly used value in analysis of statistical data 62 DATA SHEET 7 RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE PRESSURE The measurement of any physical property relies upon comparison with some fixed reference point. Pressure is one such property, and pressure measurement must begin by defining a suitable fixed point. An obvious reference point is that of the ambient pressure of the surroundings. Pressure scales have been based around a zero point of the pressure of the atmosphere at sea level. Pressures lower than atmospheric are assigned negative values; pressures higher than atmospheric have positive values. Gauges for measuring pressure give readings relative to this zero point, by comparing the pressure of interest to the pressure of the surrounding air. Pressure measured with such a gauge is given relative to a fixed value, and is sometimes termed gauge pressure. Gauge measure pressure difference between the pressure to be measured and the barometric (ambient) pressure. This may then need adjusting, to take into account any difference between barometric pressure and the pressure at sea level. Many calculations using equations derived from fundamental physical laws require absolute pressure values. Absolute pressure is the pressure relative to a total absence of pressure (i. e. a total vacuum). On an absolute pressure scale, all pressures have a positive value. The following chart illustrates the difference between gauge pressure, barometric pressure, and absolute pressure. 63 DATA SHEET 8 TECHNICAL DATA The following information may be of use when using this apparatus: Operating range of dead-weight pressure calibrator Diameter of dead-weight calibrator piston Cross-sectional calibrator area of dead-weight 20 kN/m2 – 200 kN/m2 0. 017655 m 0. 000245 m2 20 kN/m2 150 mL Pressure produced in cylinder by mass of piston with no applied masses Approximate capacity of priming vessel 64 EXPERIMENT P1 CONCEPTS OF PRESSURE AND PRESSURE SENSOR BEHAVIOUR OBJECTIVE To gain a basic understanding of the concept of pressure and its measurement. To investigate the behavior of two kinds of pressure sensor, and the effect of damping on pressure measurement. †¢ To gain a basic understanding of the concept of pressure and its measurement. †¢ To investigate the behaviour of two kinds of pressure sensor †¢ To observe the effect of damping on pressure measurement METHOD To investigate the response of two kinds of pressure sensor to a pressure applied by a dead-weight calibrator device. To investigate the response of these sensors to the application of a sudden pressure spike, with varying levels of restriction of the liquid between the pressure application and the sensor. THEORY Pressure is the force exerted by a medium, such as a fluid, on an area. In the TH2 apparatus, pressure is exerted by a piston on a column of water. The pressure applied is then equal to the force exerted by the piston over the cross-sectional area of the fluid. The use of the piston and masses with the cylinder generates a measurable reference pressure, Pa: Pa = Fa A 65 where Fa = gMa, and Fa = force applied to the liquid, Ma = total mass (incl. piston), and A = area of piston. The area of the piston can be expressed in terms of its diameter, d, as: A = ? d2 4 The units of each variable must agree for the equations to be valid. Using SI units, Pa will be in Newtons per square metre (N/m? , also known as Pascals) if Fa is in Newtons, A is in square metres, and d is in metres. The use of specific units of pressure will be covered in exercise B. For this exercise the area of the cylinder is a constant. The pressure can therefore be considered directly proportional to the mass applied to the mass on the piston Pressure measurement is normally concerned with measuring the effects of a pressure differential between two points in a fluid. The simplest form of pressure sensor is a manometer tube, in which a tube of fluid is exposed at one end to the first point in the fluid, and at the other to the second point. Any pressure differential causes a displacement of fluid within the tube, which is proportional to the difference. Manometers (not included with the TH2 apparatus) are cheap, simple, and can be designed to cover a wide range of pressures. However, they are best used for measuring static pressures below about 600 kN/m? , as the required height of the fluid becomes unworkable at greater pressures. Their dynamic response is poor, so they are best suited to measuring static or slowly changing pressures. Some fluids used are toxic (such as mercury), and may be susceptible to temperature change. The Bourdon-type pressure gauge consists of a curved tube of oval cross-section. One end is closed, and is left free to move. The other end is left open to allow fluid to enter, and is fixed. The outside of the tube remains at ambient pressure. When fluid pressure inside the tube exceeds the pressure outside the tube, the section of the tube tends to 66 ecome circular, causing the tube to straighten (internal pressure lower than the ambient pressure conversely causes increased flattening, and the curve of the tube increases). A simple mechanical linkage transmits the movement of the free end of the tube to a pointer moving around dial. This type of gauge is one of the two kinds included in the TH2 apparatus. The second type of pressure gauge included as part of the TH2 is an electromechani cal device. In a basic semiconductor pressure sensor, silicon strain gauges are fixed to one side of a diaphragm. The two sides of the diaphragm are exposed to the two different pressures. Any pressure differential causes the diaphragm to expand towards the lower-pressure side, producing a change in the strain gauge voltage reading. The electronic semiconductor pressure sensor included with the TH2 is a more refined device with improved reliability and sensitivity for pressure measurement. It includes temperature compensation to reduce the effects of temperature variation on the results. The strain gauges used are formed by laying down a protective film of glass onto stainless steel, followed by a thin film of silicon. The silicon is doped to produce semiconductor properties, and a mask is photoprinted onto it. The unmasked silicon is then removed, leaving a pattern of silicon semiconductor strain gauges molecularly bonded onto the surface of the steel. The gauges are connected to an Ohmmeter through a Wheatstone bridge, to amplify the signal produced. 67 In this type of sensor, a diaphragm is still used, but instead of fixing the strain gauges to the surface, the deflection of the diaphragm moves a steel force rod. This transfers the force to one end of the steel strip that the semiconductor resistors are bonded to. The resulting deflection of the strip causes compression in some strain gauges, and tension in others, changing their resistance and producing a measurable output. Both the TH2 pressure sensors are set up to indicate the pressure differential between atmospheric pressure, and fluid pressurized with the use of the dead-weight calibrator. The fluid passes through a damping valve, positioned between the calibrator and the sensors. By partially closing the valve, fluid flow can be restricted. This affects the speed at which pressure is transferred from the point of application to the sensors. EQUIPMENT SET UP Level the apparatus using the adjustable feet. A circular spirit level has been provided for this purpose, mounted on the base of the dead-weight calibrator. Check that the drain valve (at the back of the Bourdon gauge base) is closed. Fill the priming vessel with water (purified or de-ionized water is preferable). Fully open the damping valve and the priming valve With no masses on the piston, slowly draw the piston upwards a distance of approximately 6cm (i. e. a full stroke of the piston). This draws water from the priming vessel into the system. Firmly drive the piston downwards, to expel air from the cylinder back towards the priming vessel. Repeat these two steps until no more bubbles are visible in the system. It may be helpful to raise the central section of the return tube between the manifold block and 68 the priming vessel. This will help to prevent air being drawn back into the system as the piston is raised. Raise the piston close to the top of the cylinder, taking care not to lift it high enough to allow air to enter, and then close the priming valve. PROCEDURE This equipment has been designed to operate over a range of pressure from 0 kN/m2 to 200 kN/m2. Exceeding a pressure of 200 kN/m2 may damage the pressure sensors. In order to avoid such damage, DO NOT APPLY CONTINUOUS PRESSURE TO THE TOP OF THE PISTON ROD WHEN THE PRIMING VALVE IS CLOSED except by application of the mass supplied. An impulse may be applied to the piston when operating at a fluid pressure of less than 200 kN/m2, as is described later in this procedure. Behavior of pressure sensors Spin the piston in the cylinder, to minimize friction effects between the piston and the cylinder wall. While the piston is spinning, record the angle through which the Bourdon gauge needle has moved, and the voltage output of the electronic sensor. Apply a ? kg mass to the piston. Spin the piston and take a second set of readings for the Bourdon gauge needle angle and the electronic sensor. Repeat the procedure in ? kg increments. When using several masses, it will be necessary to place the 2 ? kg mass on top of the other masses. Repeat the procedure while removing the masses again, in ? kg increments. This gives two results for each applied mass, which may be averaged in order to reduce the effects of any error in an individual reading. Effect of damping Apply a single mass to the piston, and spin it. While the piston is spinning, apply an impulse to the top of the piston by striking the top of the rod once, with the flat of the hand. Watch the behavior of the Bourdon gauge needle. Note the final sensor reading after the response settles. Slightly close the damping valve. Change the mass, spin the piston again, and apply an impulse to the rod. Observe any changes in the sensor responses. Repeat the procedure, closing the damping valve a little at a time and noting the response and the final sensor reading each time. RESULTS Tabulate your results under the following headings:- 69 Mass applied to calibrator Mm (kg) Deflection of Bourdon gauge needle (degrees) Output from electrochemical pressure sensor (mV) Notes on sensor behavior (damping) Plot a graph of sensor response against applied mass for each sensor. 70 EXPERIMENT P2 CONCEPTS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT AND CALIBRATION OBJECTIVE To convert an arbitrary scale of pressure sensor output into engineering units. To calibrate a semiconductor pressure sensor. METHOD To make use of a dead-weight calibrator in order to produce known forces in a fluid. THEORY It is recommended that students read Data Sheet 1: Relative and Absolute Pressures before proceeding with this exercise. Pressure sensor calibration Variation in a pressure sensor reading may be calibrated, using known pressures, to give a gauge reading in engineering units. From exercise A, the dead-weight calibrator used in the TH2 produces a known reference pressure by applying a mass to a column of fluid. The pressure produced is Pa = F Aa where Fa = gMa, and Fa is the force applied to the liquid in the calibrator cylinder. Ma is the total mass (including that of the piston) 71 g is the acceleration due to gravity, and A is the area of piston. The area of the piston can be expressed in terms of its diameter, d, as: A = ? d2 4 The pressure in the fluid may then be calculated in the relevant engineering units. These known pressures may then be compared to the pressure sensor outputs over a range of pressures. The relationship between sensor output and pressure may be turned into a direct scale, as on the Bourdon gauge scale. Alternatively, a reference graph may be produced. Where the relationship is linear and the sensor output is electrical, the sensor may be calibrated using simple amplifier (a conditioning circuit). When using SI units, the units of pressure are Newtons per square meter (N/m? , also known as Pascals). To calculate the pressure in N/m? , M must be in kg, d in m, and g in m / s?. For the pressure range covered in this exercise, it will be more convenient to use units of kN/m? , where 1 kN/m? = 1000 N/m? (1 N/m? = 0. 001 kN/m? ). Barometric pressure: pressure units and scale conversion Barometric pressures is usually measured in bar. One bar is equal to a force of 105 N applied over an area of 1m?. While bar and N/m? have the same scale interval, pressure in bar often has a more convenient value when measuring barometric pressure. Pressure may also be measured in millimetres of mercury (mmHg). The pressure is given in terms of the height of a column of mercury that would be required to exert an equivalent pressure to that being measured. Another possible unit of measurement is atmospheres (atm). One standard atmosphere was originally defined as being equal to the pressure at sea level at a temperature of 15 °C. A pressure unit still in everyday use is pounds per square inch (psi or lbf / in.? ). One psi is equal to a weight of one pound applied over an area of 1 in.? If a barometer is available to measure the ambient pressure in the room where the equipment is located, the barometer reading should be converted SI units. Pressures may be converted from one scale to another using a conversion factor. A list of conversion factors is provided below. 72 1 atm = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 101. 3 x 103 101. 3 1. 013 760 14. 696 100 x 103 100 0. 987 750. 006 14. 504 133. 3 x 103 133. 3 1. 33 1. 316 19. 337 6. 895 x 106 6. 895 x 103 68. 948 68. 046 51. 715 N/m2 kN/m2 bar mmHg psi N/m2 kN/m2 atm mmHg psi N/m2 kN/m2 bar atm psi N/m2 kN/m2 bar atm mmHg 1 bar 1 mmHg x 103 1 psi x 103 ADDITIONAL EQUIPMENT REQUIRED Values for the piston diameter and weight are provided. These may be replaced by your own measurements if desired. The following equipment will be required to do so: a) Vernier calli pers or a ruler, to measure the piston diameter b) A weigh-balance or similar, to measure the piston weight EQUIPMENT SET UP Carefully remove the piston from the cylinder, weigh it. Take care not to damage the piston, as it is part of a high precision instrument and any damage will affect the accuracy of the experimental results. Level the apparatus using the adjustable feet. A circular spirit level has been mounted on the base of the dead weight calibrator for this purpose. Check that the drain valve (at the back of the Bourdon gauge base) is closed. Fill the priming vessel with water (purified or de-ionized water is preferable). Open the damping valve and the priming valve. 73 With no masses on the piston, slowly draw the piston upwards a distance of approximately 6cm (i. e. full stroke of the piston). This draws water from the priming vessel into the system. Firmly drive the piston downwards, to expel air from the cylinder back towards the priming vessel. Repeat these two steps until no more bubbles are visible in the system. It may be helpful to raise the central section of the return tube between the manifold block and the priming vessel. This will help to prevent air being drawn back into the system as the piston is raised. Raise the piston close to the top of the cylinder, taking care not to lift it high enough to allow air to enter, and then close the priming valve. Set the selector switch on the console to ‘Output’. PROCEDURE This equipment has been designed to operate over a range of pressure from 0 kN/m2 to 200 kN/m2. Exceeding a pressure of 200 kN/m2 may damage the pressure sensors. In order to avoid such damage, DO NOT APPLY CONTINUOUS PRESSURE TO THE TOP OF THE PISTON ROD WHEN THE PRIMING VALVE IS CLOSED except by application of the mass supplied. Conversion of an arbitrary scale into engineering units Spin the piston to reduce the effects of friction in the cylinder. With the needle still spinning, record the angle indicated by the Bourdon gauge needle. Place a ? kg mass on the piston, and spin the piston. Record the value of the applied mass, and the angle indicated by the Bourdon gauge needle. Increase the applied mass in increment of ? kg. Spin the piston and record the needle angle each increment. Repeat the measurements while decreasing the applied mass in steps of ? kg. This gives two readings for each applied mass, which may be averaged to reduce the effect of any error in an individual reading. Calculate the applied pressure at each mass increment. Calculate the average needle angle at each pressure increment. Repeat the experiment, this time recording the applied mass and the indicated pressure on the Bourdon gauge scale. Compare this to the average needle angle recorded previously. 74 Calibration of a semiconductor pressure sensor NOTE: This procedure differs if the TH2-303 software is being used. Please refer to the online product Help Text if using this software. Spin the piston. Record the voltage indicated on the semiconductor output display on the console. Place a ? kg mass on the piston, and spin the piston. Record the applied mass, and the voltage indicated on the semiconductor output display on the console. Increase the applied mass in steps of ? kg, spinning the piston and recording the semiconductor output each time. Repeat the measurement while decreasing the applied mass in steps of ? kg. Calculate the applied pressure at each mass increment. Calculate the average sensor output at each pressure increment. Slowly open the priming valve. Open the valve to its maximum, and check that the damping valve is also fully open. The fluid in the system will now be at approximately atmospheric pressure (it will be slightly higher than atmospheric due to the height of fluid in the reservoir, but this is negligible compared to the range of the sensors). Switch the selector knob on the console to PRESSURE Turn the ZERO control on the console until the display read zero, to set the first reference point for the sensor calibration. Raise the piston close to the top of the cylinder, taking care not to lift it high enough to allow air to enter, and then close the priming valve. Place a large mass on the piston, and calculate the corresponding applied pressure. Spin the piston and adjust the SPAN control until the sensor output matches the applied pressure, to set the second reference point for the calibration. Remove the masses from the piston. Take a set of readings from the calibrated semiconductor sensor, by adding masses to the piston in ? kg increments. Repeat the reading while decreasing the applied mass. This gives two reading for each applied mass, which may be averaged in order to reduce the effect of any error in an individual reading. 75 RESULTS Tabulate your results under the following headings: Barometric pressure Mass of piston Mp Diameter of cylinder, d Cross-sectional area of cylinder, A Mass on piston Mm (kg) Applied mass Ma (kg) Applied force Fa (N) Applied pressure †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Needle angle N/m2 kg m m2 Indicated Indicated SemiBourdon conductor semiconductor pressure pressure output Pb Ps Pa E ? (mV) (N/m2) (degrees) (N/m2) (N/m2) Plot graphs of average needle angle against applied pressure for the Bourdon gauge, and voltage output against applied pressure for the semiconductor sensor. Plot a graph of indicated pressure against actual pressure for the Bourdon gauge and the calibrated semiconductor pressure sensor. If there is facility for measuring barometric pressure, it is possible to calculate the absolute pressure corresponding to each applied pressure increment. The ambient pressure of the surroundings, Patm should be measured, then converted into N/m2 (if required). An additional column should be added to the results table: Absolute Pressure, Pabs (N/m2). Absolute pressure may then be calculated as Pabs = Pa + Patm 76 EXPERIMENT P3 ERRORS IN PRESSURE MEASUREMENT OBJECTIVE To investigate the sources of error when measuring pressure. METHOD Errors in measuring a quantity, such as pressure, can come from a number of sources. Some can be eliminated by careful choice of equipment and experimental method. Other errors are unavoidable, but can be minimized. In any experiment, it is good practice to note any possible sources of error in the results, and to give an indication of the magnitude of such errors. Errors fall into three general categories: Avoidable errors These are errors that must be eliminated, as any results including such errors will often be meaningless. Such errors include: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Incorrect use of equipment Incorrect recording of results Errors in calculations Chaotic errors, i. e. random disturbances, such as extreme vibration or electrical noise that are sufficient to mask the experimental results. 7 Random errors Random errors should be eliminated if possible, by changing the design of the experiment or waiting until conditions are more favorable. Even if they cannot be eliminated, many random errors may be minimized by making multiple sets of readings, and averaging the results. Random errors include: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Variation of experimental conditions (e. g. changes in ambie nt temperature) Variation in instrumentation performance Variation due to material properties and design (e. g. effect of friction) Errors of judgement (e. g. nconstancy in estimating a sensor reading) Systematic errors Systematic errors produce a constant bias or skew in the results, and should be minimized where possible. They include: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Built-in errors (e. g. zero error, incorrect scale graduation) Experimental errors (due to poor design of the experiment or the apparatus) Systematic human errors (e. g. reading from the wrong side of a liquid meniscus) Loading error (errors introduced as a result of the act of measurement- for example, the temperature of a probe altering the temperature of the body being measured) Errors may also be described in a number of ways: Actual difference – the difference between the indicated value (the value indicated by the gauge or sensor) and the actual scale reading (the true value of the property being measured). The actual value must be known to calculate the actual difference. Accuracy – the maximum amount by which the results vary from the actual value. The actual value must be known. Percentage accuracy of the actual scale reading – the greatest difference between the actual value and the indicated value, expressed as a percentage of the actual value. The actual value must be known. Percentage accuracy of the full-scale reading (total range of the measurement device) – the greatest difference between the actual value and the indicated value, expressed as a percentage of the maximum value of the range being used. The actual value must be known. Mean deviation (or probable error) – The absolute deviation of a single result is the difference between a single result, and the average (mean) of several results. The mean deviation is the sum of the absolute deviations divided by their number. The actual value is not required. The mean deviation is an indication of how closely the results agree with each other. 78 Standard deviation (or mean square error) – the standard deviation is the square root of the mean of the squares of the deviations (‘better’ results are obtained by dividing the sum of the values by the one less than the number of values). This is a common measure of the preciseness of a sample of data- how closely the results agree with each other. The actual value is not required. ADDITIONAL EQUIUPMENT REQUIRED Values for the piston diameter and weight are provided. These may be replaced by your own measurements if desired. The following equipment will be required to do so: †¢ †¢ Vernier callipers or a ruler, to measure the piston diameter A weigh-balance or similar, to measure the piston weight EQUIPMENT SET UP To prime the cylinder, the following procedure should be followed (where this is required in the experiment): Level the apparatus using the adjustable feet. A circular spirit level has been mounted on the base of the dead weight calibrator for this purpose. Check that the drain valve (at the back of the Bourdon gauge base) is closed. Fill the priming vessel with water (purified or de-ionized water is preferable). Fully open the damping valve and the priming valve. With no masses on the piston, slowly draw the piston upwards a distance of approximately 6cm (i. e. a full stroke of the piston). This draws water from the priming vessel into the system. Firmly drive the piston downwards, to expel air from the cylinder back towards the priming vessel. Repeat these two steps until no more bubbles are visible in the system. It may be helpful to raise the central section of the return tube between the manifold block and the priming vessel. This will help to prevent air being drawn back into the system as the piston is raised. Raise the piston close to the top of the cylinder, taking care not to lift it high enough to allow air to enter, then close the priming valve. PROCEDURE This equipment has been designed to operate over a range of pressure from 0 kN/m2 to 200 kN/m2. Exceeding a pressure of 200 kN/m2 may damage the pressure sensors. In order to avoid such damage, DO NOT APPLY CONTINUOUS PRESSURE TO THE 79 TOP OF THE PISTON ROD WHEN THE PRIMING VALVE IS CLOSED except by application of the mass supplied. The following experiments give suggested ways in which particular sources of error may be investigated. It is recommended that only one or two be attempted in a single laboratory session, with each being repeated several times, giving multiple samples for the error analysis. Basic Error Analysis: The accuracy of the semiconductor calibration may be investigated by performing standard error calculations on the calibrated sensor output, using the results obtained in Experiment P2. If results are not available for analysis, the following procedure should be followed: Slowly open the priming valve. Open the valve to its maximum, and check that the damping valve is also fully open. The fluid in the system will now be at approximately atmospheric pressure (it will be slightly higher than atmospheric due to the height of fluid in the reservoir, but this is negligible compared to the range of the sensors). Switch the selector knob on the console to PRESSURE. Turn the ZERO control on the console until the display read zero, to set the first reference point for the sensor calibration. Raise the piston close to the top of the cylinder, taking care not to lift it high enough to allow air to enter, then close the priming valve. Place a large mass on the piston, and calculate the corresponding applied pressure. Spin the piston, and adjust the SPAN control until the sensor output matches the applied pressure, to set the second reference point for the calibration. Remove the masses from the piston. Take a set of readings from the calibrated semiconductor sensor, adding masses to the pan in ? kg increments, and again while decreasing the applied mass. This provides two set of readings for data analysis. The experiment should be repeated to provide further sets of data. Avoidable errors: Incorrect use of equipment Level the apparatus using the adjustable feet. A circular spirit level has been mounted on the base of the dead-weight calibrator for this purpose Check that the drain valve (at the back of the Bourdon gauge base) is closed, and the damping valve is fully open. 80 Remove the piston from the cylinder, then fill the priming vessel with water (purified or de-ionized water is preferable). Close the priming valve, then replace the piston in the cylinder. Take a set of readings without priming the system first. Random errors: Friction effects Prime the system as described in the equipment set up instructions. Tilt the board at an angle of about 5 to 10 degrees. THE EQUIPMENT BASE MUST STILL BE FIRM AND SECURE. Titling the apparatus in this way will exaggerate any friction effects, as the force applied by the piston will no longer be acting straight downwards on the column of fluids, but will have components acting at right-angles to cylinder wall. Spin the piston. Take one reading while the piston is spinning, then observe the behavior of the needle. Continue to watch the needle as the piston stops spinning, then make a note of the new gauge reading. Apply masses to the piston in ? kg increments. At each step, spin the piston, note the sensor output, and then take a second reading after the piston stops spinning. Systematic errors: Zero error Calibrate the semiconductor pressure sensor, but do not include mass of piston in the applied mass when calculating the applied pressure. Take a set of readings from the calibrated semiconductor sensor over a range of applied masses, now including the piston mass in the applied mass calculation. Human error Take a set or readings from the Bourdon gauge pressure scale, but stand at an angle to the dial face when taking each reading. Keep the same viewing angle for each reading. This illustrates the effect of parallax on the readings taken. RESULTS Tabulate your results under the headings on the following page: For each result, calculate the absolute difference, ea between indicated value Pi and the applied pressure Pa. 81 Find the maximum absolute difference, the accuracy ea max and use this value and the corresponding indicated pressure to calculate the % accuracy of actual scale reading and the % accuracy of full-scale reading (use a range of 200 kN/m2). Correlate the data for several test runs, to give a set of indicated pressure readings corresponding to a single applied pressure. Use this correlated data table to calculate the mean of the results, Pmean, the mean deviation, dm, the absolute deviation, da, and the standard deviation, ?. Errors can also be illustrated graphically: 85 Piston diameter, d = †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. m Piston mass, MP = †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. kg Experimental conditions : †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Mass Applied Applied Applied Indicated Mean Absolute Standard Actual Accuracy % % Mean on deviation deviation deviation Accuracy Accuracy of mass force pressure pressure difference piston Actual Full result scale scale reading reading Mm dm da PI ea Emax e%a e%f Pmin Ma Fa Pa ? kg) (kg) (kN) (kN/m2) (kN/m2) (kN/m2) (kN/m2) (kN/m2) (kN/m2) 86 Plot a graph of actual pressure against indicated pressure. On the same graph, plot a straight line showing the actual pressure. This will illustrate three characteristics of the results: †¢ †¢ Deviati on of sensor readings from the actual value. Whether any deviation from the true reading is systematic (the graph will be a straight line or a smooth curve) or random (the graph will have no obvious relationship). Precision of the results. Precise results will be close together, not widely scattered. Precise results may still deviate strongly from the actual value. †¢